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Background: Hypertension has been identified as the leading risk factor for mortality. Therefore, the present study has been taken up to find out the relation between anthropometric indices, blood pressure and hypertension so as to identify the population under risk. Methods: The present study was done on 600 male students of age group 16-27 years belonging to FH Medical College, Tundla, Firozabad and St. Andrew`s college, Agra. The anthropometric measurements of the subjects were taken with the slandered instruments with standard techniques described as Height (mt), Weight (Kg), Waist Circumferences (cm), Hip Circumference (cm), Pulse rate Radial pulse felt and counted at wrist for 1 minute. Results: In the present study 43% students were found under low level of stress and more levels of stress were seen in 6%. The prevalence of pre-hypertension was found 69% while hypertension was found 5.75%. Conclusion: Strong association of faulty dietary history, sedentary life style and genetic history was seen with blood pressure.
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Introduction: Obesity is a worldwide health issue, associated with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that health and well-being are adversely affected. Obesity may increase the risk of many diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension dyslipidemia, gallbladder diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Anthropometric measurements can easily reflect any changes in the lipid concentration in the human body. Intra-abdominal fat has been identified as being the most clinically relevant type of fat in humans. Abnormal visceral fat produces physiological changes that alter lipid profile, leading to dyslipidemia, which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were found to be useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk. The aims and objectives of the study are Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were found to be useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk. To evaluate the correlation between lipid profiles and anthropometric indices of total and central obesity. Methods: The present study was conducted among 90 adults (45 male, 45 female) in FH Medical College. All subjects were apparently healthy. The serum lipid profile included total cholesterol (TC), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerols (TG). BMI (kg/m2) was calculated using Quitelet’s index. Adults were classified according to their BMI into three groups. Results: Average age of males is 40.02 years and females 36.46 years. On the basis of BMI, there was 14.44% of normal weight persons, 26.67% overweight and 58.89% obese. Abnormal levels for TG in 35, TC in 20, LDL in 3, HDL in 27 of the total sample were found. Overall correlations were found between anthropometric analysis and lipid profiles. Conclusion: We found good correlations between anthropometric indices of general and central obesity and lipid profiles. Among, the anthropometric indices WHR proved to be a good predictor of dyslipidemia, showing the importance of using it in clinical practice and for screening of cardiovascular risk. Prospective studies using different parameters to assess abdominal obesity and its relationship to metabolic profile and with larger population are needed to quantify the results for application to community health lifestyle modifications.
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Introduction: The variations in the intrahepatic pattern of portal vein within liver are mandatory factors while dealing with hepatic surgery. The variations in the intrahepatic portal vein branching need to be recognized when contemplating for ligation of the vessel at the porta hepatis during partial hepatectomy. Materials and Methods: This study was done in 50 dogs liver specimen by corrosion cast technique. Results and Discussion: In this study in the entire cases bifurcation pattern was found and in all the cases left branch of portal vein extended transversly to the left and turned in the caudolateral direction and divided into transverse portion and oblique portion and right divided into superior and inferior branch. In 88% cases caudate process received branch from the right portal trunk while the papillary process received branch from the left portal trunk. Conclusion: The knowledge of the portal vein and its intrahepatic branching is important to ensure surgical success pertaining to different surgical procedures.
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Aim: This study was to determine the distance between IOF and IOM, IOF and pyriform aperture,the presence of accessory foraminae, orientation and location in relation with teeth on both the sides. Materials and Methods: Fifty dried human skulls (100 sides) irrespective of age and sex were used for this study. The distance between the IOF and IOM and the distance between the IOF and pyriform aperture were measured by using manual vernier calliper. The orientation, location in relation with teeth and presence of accessory foramina were observed macroscopically. Observations and Discussion: Accessory foramina may give complications during anaesthetization of this region. The mean distance between the IOF and infraorbital margin was 22.6mm and 15.2mm on the left and right side respectively. Mean distance between I.O.F and pyriform aperture was 26.2mm and 25.8mm on the left and right side respectively. In 30% skulls the IOF were directed vertically downward on the right side and in 38% on the left side. In 66% downward medially on the right side and 56% on the left side and in4% skulls medially on the right side and 6% on the left side. The majority of IOF were oriented to second premolar teeth on the right side and between second premolar and first molar on the left side.Accessory foraminae were found in 6% of skulls. The results of our study may be helpful during surgical procedures in the maxillary region in reduction of Lefort fracture, and giving regional nerve block.
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The foramen magnum is an important landmark located in the posterior part of the cranial base formed by the occipital bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the foramen magnum in human dried skull and to note the variations in the shape and size of the foramen magnum. Additionally area and index of the foramen magnum were also calculated. Fifty human dried skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from the department of CMCH Bhopal and FHMC Tundla. Foramen magnum were examined macroscopically for their different shapes. Anteroposterior and transverse diameters, foramen magnum area & foramen magnum index were measured. The foramen magnum shapes were determined as round shaped in 22%, oval shaped in 16%,egg shaped in16%, and irregular in18%,tetragonal in 12% penta and hexagonal 8% each. The mean A-P and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum was determined 38.75mm and 33.44mm respectively. In 4%of skull, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude in to the foramen magnum. The mean foramen index and foramen magnum area were 87.68 & 970.57mm². The data obtained may be useful to the neurosurgeon in analysing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction in trans condylar approach for brain stem lesion.
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Objective: The present study was conducted to find new technique for development of bone specimens from cadavers. Material andmethods: Long bones, skull and other bones from embalmed cadaver were taken and cleansed by variousmethods. Fourmethods were employed for preparing specimens. In 1stmethod boneswere boiled in tap water for 7-8 hours on gas stove. In 2nd method bones were immersed in water with addition of detergent at constant temperature. In 3rd method bones were kept at constant temperature in water without addition of detergent. In 4th method bones were buried for onemonth under superficial surface of soil during rainy season after boiling the bones for 7-8 hours Observations: Use of detergent in warmwater (65oC) was good for cleaning long bones while best result for long bones as well as skull was seen with boiling followed by burial of embalmed specimens. Results were found as expected. Time consumed in the present study was less than old classical methods. Bones specimens formed were of high quality. Conclusions: Preparation of bone specimen by embalmed cadaver can be of immense value and time saver for many research institutes to get their self-prepared specimens. There are many more ways which has to be modified or rediscovered in this area of research, which has been neglected so far.
ABSTRACT
Occipitalization of atlas is an osseous anomaly of the craniovertebral junction which occurs at the base of the skull in the region of the foramen magnum. The knowledge of such a fusion is important because skeletal abnormalities at the craniocervical junction may result in sudden death. During bone cleaning procedure and routine undergraduate osteology teaching, three skulls with Occipitalization of atlas were encountered in the department of Anatomy atMMIMSR,Mullana, India. In one skull, both anterior and posterior archwere completely fused with occipital bone while the transverse process on the right side was not fused whereas left transverse process was fused with occipital bone. Both anterior and posterior arch were completely fused whereas transverse process on both sides were not fused in other skull. In another skull, partial and asymmetrical Occipitalization of atlas vertebra with occipital bone was found with bifid posterior arch of atlas at the level of posterior tubercle. Anterior arch was completely fused with basilar part of occipital bone but both the transverse processes were not fused. Reduced diameter of foramenmagnum due to the atlanto-occipital fusion might cause neurological complications due to compression of spinal cord or medulla oblongata, vertebral vessels, 1st cervical nerve, thus, knowledge of occipitalization of the atlas may be of substantial importance to orthopaedicians, neurosurgeons, physicians and radiologists dealing with abnormalities of the cervical spine.